Which type of force do kicks and baton strikes represent?

Kicks and baton strikes are categorized as intermediate force because they represent a level of physical control that falls between having no force at all and using lethal force. Intermediate force is intended to overcome a subject's resistance without causing serious bodily injury or death. It includes non-lethal methods used by law enforcement officers to gain compliance or to control a situation when verbal warnings have failed or when the officer believes that less-than-lethal options are appropriate.

In the context of law enforcement, intermediate force is crucial because it allows officers to manage potentially dangerous encounters in a way that is justified and appropriate given the circumstances. This type of force is particularly relevant in situations where suspects are actively resisting arrest or posing a threat, but lethal force is not warranted. Kicks and baton strikes are designed to incapacitate or control a subject while minimizing the risk of serious injury, hence their classification as intermediate force.